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Britain vs the US: Who is the real tech titan?

In Depth: Much of the technology we assume is American really isn't

November 1st 2009 | Tell us what you think [ 10 comments ]

uk-vs-usa

We pit the UK and the USA in the tech battle of the century

The Americans are sometimes quick to take credit for other people's work. For example, if you believe what you see in Hollywood films, the US invented the Enigma machine that changed the course of World War II.

The truth is that much of the technology we assume is American really isn't, and many US inventions wouldn't have been possible without foreign innovation.

But who is the real titan? Is the US the land of the future, or does Britannia rule the microwaves? There's only one way to find out: fight!

The computer

Had Charles Babbage ever built his Analytical Engine, the UK would be the clear winner in this field. He designed the forerunner of today's machines, the first programmable computer, back in 1837.

However, it wasn't until the 1930s that his work turned into real machines when Harvard's Howard Aiken took inspiration from Babbage and developed the Harvard Mark I.

Harvard mki

MIT had created the Differential Analyzer – an analogue calculator – a few years earlier, but as it wasn't a general-purpose machine – its skills started and ended with arithmetic – we'd give the Harvard Mark I the credit for being the first general purpose computer.

Then again, if it weren't for us Brits we'd still be using computers to do pretty simple things. Alan Turing, a Cambridge academic, wrote a seminal paper in 1936 ('On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem') that set out the concepts of a universal computing machine.

On balance, then, we'll call this one a draw: the Americans may have done the building work, but the British were the architects. The digital computer was definitely a British invention, though: Colossus, the code-breaking computer at Bletchley Park, went into service in 1943, and it would be another three years before the US equivalent – ENIAC – was powered up.

Bletchley park

The personal computer

This field is a USA victory all the way. William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, started Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories in 1956. A year later, his top people jumped ship to form Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation.

Fairchild and Texas Instruments were the Intel and AMD of their day – indeed, Intel was headed by former Fairchild inventor Robert Noyce. Intel invented the microprocessor and started selling it to all comers in 1971, and by the early 1970s hobbyists were happily banging together computers in their garages.

America didn't invent the microcomputer – French firm R2E developed the Micral, the first off-the-shelf model in 1972 – but US firm Micro Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) popularised it with the Altair.

The Altair led to a hobby group called the Homebrew Computer Club that boasted members including Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. These two Steves went on to form Apple, the company that created the consumer computing market.

This sector would eventually be dominated by copies and descendents of IBM's 1981 PC. Operating systems and software Programming languages to control computers were largely US inventions (FORTRAN came from IBM, COBOL from the team headed by US mathematician Grace Hopper and ALGOL – the forerunner to Pascal – was a transatlantic effort).

The first widely used operating system, OS/360, was another IBM effort. The first desktop operating system was also American: CP/M, which ran on early Intel based machines, was the creation of Gary Kildall from Digital Research. The operating system that would eventually supplant it – MS-DOS – was created in Seattle by Tim Paterson.

America can claim the graphical user interface too. The Apple Lisa (1982) took the work of Xerox PARC and brought it to the mass market. Users controlled their Lisas using another US invention: the mouse (which was invented in 1968 by Doug Englebart of Stanford Research Institute).

Many of the applications we take for granted are also American ideas. The first word processor, Electric Pencil, was the creation of American software developer Michael Shrayer; the first PC spreadsheet, VisiCalc, was created by Philadelphia's Dan Bricklin; and the first commercial web browser, Mosaic, came from the US National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA).

Even though the US didn't invent the web that Mosaic ended up browsing, it did invent the technologies that made it accessible.

 

Your comments (10) Click to add a new comment

lovlid


November 3rd 2009

10. @ kasino72.

I bet you were smiling inside though.

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kasino72


November 3rd 2009

9. Stu531, I thought so too. And I wrote it. I wasn't trying to start a war :)

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stu531


November 3rd 2009

8. I thought it was an interesting light hearted article.

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nitebot


November 2nd 2009

7. benjjneb, I've reworded it for you. "That is the genius of America. [Stealing other nations' great ideas and turning them] into meaningful improvements in the lives of ordinary people."

Yeah, that's America for you!! :-)

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benjjneb


November 2nd 2009

6. "So it is the BUSINESS of America, not the Genius of America."

You've missed the point entirely. That is the genius of America. Turning great ideas into meaningful improvements in the lives of ordinary people.

Look, I can't heal your hurt from not receiving the recognition, and compensation, that you deserved for your work. What you deserve you should get, believe me. I don't laud American capitalism as some infallible perfect system. It's the worst system there is, except for every other (to steal a quote from Churchill).

It is the "BUSINESS" of America that is her genius, we agree. The genius of invention brooks no monopoly. The hard work of applying that genius, it is valued nowhere else as it is in these 50 states.

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drzuco


November 2nd 2009

5. I think that it's really stupid to talk about who or which country is the responsible of nowadays technology. There is no single origin point, it's just the interaction between many cultures that at the end comes up with ideas and inventions.

If we start moving to the past, at the end we can say that all the British inventions exist because once upon a time Romans gave the necessary basics to start a civilization, from laws, infrastructures, philosophy and they even founded London... We can go even further because almost all the knowledge Romans had, it just came from Greeks! Should we continue? It's meaningless to try to find a root, there is no root it's called collaboration and interaction.

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boybunny


November 2nd 2009

4. @benjjneb

I can disagree with you on every point you made.

America may be the perfect economic condition to exploit other peoples ideas, but in no way did America have the social and educational structure that fostered free thinking individuals that are needed to create completely new inventions. So America may be the place where great ideas become great products (Well they did over most of the past century), but America was not the place where great men invented great new tools, and that is in essence what inventing is, not taking someone elses idea and funding it and putting a product on the shelf... that is called "BUSINESS". It is called "Bad Bisness" when the inventor does not get credit or any financial gain from his ORIGINAL idea, all the early work and research.

America did not make the light bulb the light bulb. The form, the function and the idea was already there before Edison stole it and made a personal fortune for himself. So no America did not "Make it the light bulb". Richard Pierce actually made the first plane, and it was a very modern monoplane, the base design is still used today in current microlights. So considering America just copied every feature and made a flying machine eventually that looked ... just like the monoplane Richard Pierce flew in before the Wright Brothers, it is hard to claim that "America made the Airplane the Airplane" since they just copied it as the form and function was already there six months before any American could get his **** off the ground.

So it is the BUSINESS of America, not the Genius of America. Look up the meaning of Genius in the Oxford Dictionary, you will find it means something completely different in general use. Though it is used as an American propaganda term to try to claim great things when in reality there is nothing great to be claimed.

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benjjneb


November 1st 2009

3. The comments are exhibiting a common misapprehension of "American exceptionalism" in the realm of science and technology. Americans do not believe we are somehow more intelligent or more clever by virtue of being born American. In fact, we know we are not, we are a nation of immigrants after all. The exceptional nature of America is that it is the place in which great ideas become great contributions to mankind.

It can be entertaining to debate which was the first computer, or electronic computer, or electronic digital computer and so forth. It doesn't really matter though, the fundamental concept was emerging in various places, but only in America did it become the computer as we now know it.

Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML/HTTP, but America made it The Web. Various people will fight over the credit for the first lightbulb, the first computer, the first airplane, but America made them The Light Bulb, The Computer and The Airplane. And that is the greater contribution. The American dream is not that exceptional people will do exceptional things, but that ordinary people can live excellent lives, and that they are the best judges of what makes their own lives excellent.

This is the genius of America, and it is why this is still the place where the great things that matter happen. Great people come from everywhere, great ideas come from everywhere, but it is uniquely here where we accept them all and apply them to the lives of regular people.

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boybunny


November 1st 2009

2. I forgot to add that most of what Thomas Edison invented, he didn't. It is common knowledge outside USA that he stole most of what he patented. The Europeans had working Electric Lightbulbs and recorded sound years before Edison "Patented" them in USA. Most inventors do not have the money to patent and develop commercially their inventions. Today and one hundred years ago (Patents are often many times more expensive in other countries making them very hard to obtain, and only protect in small markets). Edison capitalized on this by ripping off real inventors and stealing what he couldn't gain by an unfair contract. Americans continue Edisons tradition today of riping off inventors worldwide. I should know, being an inventor myself, Adobe put two of my inventions into Photoshop CS4 as new features without paying me or crediting me. One I suggested as a GIMP open forum 2.5 years ago, and the other I suggested to the English programmer of Photogenics in 1998 which was added within a week to the Beta software, but Adobe has only just now seen fit to rip the idea off. Not to mention one of the new killer features in W7 is mine. Again, with no opportunities like the average American to seek angel investors, I had to talk about it on an American public forum where they claimed that they would protect anyones claim of being the original inventor (a false claim) and WOZ was one of the panel who turned down my original idea. Three years on and Microsoft has it built into W7 as their big laptop power saving feature without crediting me or paying me a cent. I reserve the right to pirate any software from any company that rips me of. Take me to court, I will counter sue and I will be after damages far larger than a simple piracy claim.

Sitting on far more profitable inventions for anything up to two decades, I no longer talk to any American online or in person about any of my inventions. Americans seem to be the only people that rip me off and steal my ideas.

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boybunny


November 1st 2009

1. The cobclusion is absolutely incorrect. As a bystander in a seperate country, the invention is the idea, and the description of the idea. Just getting the funding that other countries citizens often cannot does not make you a genius.

Not only that, but the article left out so many other English inventions... not to mention listing the thousand other inventions Americans BELIEVE that were invented in by Americans... often by people who had never set foot on US soil. Even if you did import an inventor or scientist to work and live in USA, he/she was a product of another country, the product of another culture, and the product of another countries education system.

Let me list some English inventions. You mention the DSP, ut not the RISC CPU. The English invented the RISC CPU. The English invented the Jet Engine. The Scottish were showing bikinis at fashion shows five years before an American "invented" the bikini (not tech, but possibly on of the most important inventions of the past century).

Americans did not fly first, try Richard Pearse six months before the Wright Brothers in a VERY MODERN monoplane. Not the primitive kite that the Wright Brothers flew. Don't believe me? Go to the Smithsonian and look at the Richard Pearse exibit in the back corner where even the Smithsonian has to claim "Probably the first powered flight". Speaking of a tiny country called New Zealand, try splitting the Atom, Try designing the first US rocket to get into orbit (American and German scientists could only get rockets to explode on the launch pad). Even try the Manhattan Project. If you have a good look into the real history of the Manhattan project you will find very few native American born scientists on the team because it was originally a London based team that had scientists from the British Empire (Notably New Zealand because, being the first to split the atom, New Zealand Scientists were leaders in this field).

How about Australia? Well an Australian invented the scramjet 15 years before NASA.. In fact NASA refused to check the work (Similar to the way USA refused to send an observer to NZ in the case of Richard Pearse) and then tried reinventing the scramjet to be the first to test a scramjet in the upper atmosphere (NASA still failed to be first, and their test weeks after the Australian test failed). In fact a fair amount of NASAs great tech is actually invented all around the world, but only the Americans seem to believe that Americans are great enough to invent something like the Space Shuttle.

Simply, the Americans have been subjected to a grand propaganda machine for more than a century. It is hard to know the truth when half your historical facts are fictional. It is even more amusing to watch Americans complain about the Japanese taking "American inventions" and making money off them. Often those inventions were not American to start with and Americans were taking inventions from around the world and making money off them.

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